in the early 1890s, settling with other groups, including SLOVAKS, near NATIONAL CARBON CO. Clair Avenue, close to Otis Steel works Barbarowo after 1900 at Denison Ave., near GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO. By World War I, several smaller neighborhoods were also settled: Josephatowo in the late 1890s near E. A third major settlement, Kantowo, arose in the TREMONT area in the late 1880s and 1890s as steel-mill activity grew in the Cuyahoga valley immediately eastward. Settled as early as 1878, this neighborhood was close to industries that stretched along the railroad lines on the lakefront to the north. By the late 1880s, another Polish settlement, Poznan, was established around E. With construction of a church building in 1881, the settlement, soon known as Warszawa, began a period of growth that continued into the 1920s and remained viable into the 1990s, when it was known as SLAVIC VILLAGE. 65th) Street and what became Fleet Avenue influenced as much by its proximity to the mills as by their selection of a site at Tod and Forman Ave. Although initially residing with Czechs, Poles eventually created their own settlement adjacent to Tod (E. By the late 1870s, a number of Poles worked in Cleveland Rolling Mills in NEWBURGH. All immigration after World War I was inconsequential, so this great pre-World War I influx determined the neighborhoods and organizations of Cleveland's Poles.ĭistinct Polish neighborhoods began forming by the late 1870s as immigrants worked in specific industries and lived nearby. Travel brokers in the city's Polish neighborhoods, such as MICHAEL KNIOLA, made all necessary arrangements for transporting people from Poland to relatives already in Cleveland. Combined with relatively safe and inexpensive ocean transport and the need for workers in Cleveland's rapidly growing industries, the city's Polish population grew to 35,024 by 1920, with most growth occurring between 1900-14. Several factors subsequently increased Polish migration to Cleveland, especially German cultural pressures in Prussian Poland and poverty and repression in Russian Poland. The Cleveland Poles did not form a specific neighborhood at this time but settled within the Czech community around Croton Street. At about this time, isolated groups of Poles arrived in Cleveland 77 were counted in the 1870 census. Individuals may have visited or temporarily settled in the area before the Civil War, but the first cohesive settlement of Poles occurred in BEREA in the late 1860s, where they were employed in the stone quarries. Poles formed one of Cleveland's largest nationality groups in the 20th century and had an important influence on the city, particularly during its period of heavy industrial growth.

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