haptens have immunogenicity but not reactivity

Injectable drug delivery systems (DDS) play an increasingly important role in the administration of therapeutic drugs since more of these systems are becoming commercially available for a wide variety of applications. Insight into these factors should be employed in the development of novel DDS with low immunological risk. Despite our curtailed understanding of the relationships between physicochemical characteristics and immunogenicity of DDS, several risk factors have been identified. Also platelets have been reported to play a role in DDS immunogenicity. Complement activation and opsonization of DDS, which may or may not be associated with antibody formation, may lead to accelerated clearance, hypersensitivity reactions and formation of membrane attack complexes resulting in premature release of the drug. Antibodies induced by administration of DDS can be directed against the carrier material, the drug and/or targeting ligands associated with the DDS. These immunological events can compromise the efficacy and safety of these systems by changing the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and targeting capability of DDS, and by inducing hypersensitivity reactions. However, a number of immunological risks with serious clinical implications are associated with administration of DDS. Our Magic™ Mouse Adjuvant is by far the most efficient mouse adjuvant for all types of immunogens tested.Injectable drug delivery systems (DDS) such as particulate carriers and water-soluble polymers are being used and developed for a wide variety of therapeutic applications. Help in the translocation of antigens to the lymph nodes where they can be recognized by T cells.Ĭreative Diagnostics has invented novel immunization Magic™ Adjuvants specifically designed for rapid production of high titers antibodies in mice ( Magic™ Mouse Adjuvant) and human (Magic™ Human Adjuvant).Increase the capacity to cause local reactions at the injection site (during vaccination), inducing greater release of danger signals by chemokine releasing cells such as helper T cells and mast cells.Provide physical protection to antigens which grants the antigen a prolonged delivery.Increase the innate immune response to antigen by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on or within accessory cells.Improve the immunogenicity of highly purified or recombinant antigens (protein or peptide).They can act as a depot for the antigen, presenting the antigen over a longer period of time, thus maximizing the immune response before the body clears the antigen. Adjuvants can act in various ways in presenting an antigen to the immune system. To prevent this, the antigen is first combined with an adjuvant, which is a material that helps stimulate and enhance the immune response against the antigen through the creation of a depot effect. Directly immunizing most antigens will lead to a poor immune response and rapid removal of the antigen from the body.

Generally an antigen has several or many different epitopes and reacts with many different antibodies, an epitope is approximately five or six amino acids in length.Īn adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. These small molecules can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein the carrier typically does not elicit an immune response by itself.Īn epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody, B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor. A hapten is essentially an incomplete antigen. Hapten is a molecule that reacts with specific antibody but is not immunogenic by itself, it can be made immunogenic by conjugation to a suitable carrier. All immunogens are antigens, but all antigens may not be immunogens, some very small molecules called haptens can bind to antibodies or B-cell receptor but they cannot initiate an immune response. Immunogen is a stimulus that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response, whereas antigens are any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor. In this blog let us discuss the definition of immunogen, antigen, hapten, epitope, and adjuvant. Majority of antigens are proteins but some are carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Whenever we refer a pathogen, we may think the entire microbe is responsible for the disease.But the fact is these organisms possess numerous sites called as epitopes that are recognized by antibodies or receptors on the cells in the immune system.

Haptens have immunogenicity but not reactivity